It is known in Persian literature as Afghāni ( افغانی) and in Hindustani literature as Paṭhānī. Pashto ( / ˈ p ʌ ʃ t oʊ/, rarely / ˈ p æ ʃ t oʊ/, Pashto: پښتو Pax̌tō ), sometimes spelled Pukhto, is an Eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European family. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. ṫol də aqəl au wijdān ḫāwandān dī au yo lâ bal sarâ də warorəy pâ rūḥiye sarâ bāyad čaland kəṙī.Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.ĭə bašar ṫol afrād āzād naṙəy tâ rāźī au də ḥays̱iyat au ḥuqūqo lâ palwâ sarâ barābar dī.
#Pashto grammar in urdu free#
Pashtun folk literature includes stories set to music, and a large number of short poems, traditionally composed by women, reflecting their daily lives.īelow is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Pashto script and romanization.Īll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Pashto has an extensive literary tradition. Since Pashto has more vowels than Arabic and Persian, it has more letters representing vowel sounds than contained in the Perso-Arabic script. It uses all 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet, and shares 3 letters with Persian and Urdu. The Pashto alphabet used to write all varieties of the languages today has 44 letters. Various transliteration systems used today for representing Pashto with Latin letters lack standardization and may be confusing.
With the adoption of Pashto as a national language of Afghanistan in 1936, the writing system underwent some additional modifications that resulted in greater consistency. Until the spelling system was standardized in the late 18th century, the representation of these consonants varied greatly. Pashto has always been written with a modified Perso-Arabic script that contains additional letters to represent consonants specific to Pashto. The first written records of Pashto date back to the 16th century. All modifiers precede the nouns they modify The normal word order in Pashto is Subject-Object-Verb. Past tense transitive sentences are formed as ergative constructions, i.e., transitive verbs in the past tense agree with the object, rather than the subject of the sentence.There are four moods: indicative, conditional, imperative, and potential.There are two aspects: imperfective and perfective.
There are two voices: active and passive.There are three tenses: present, past, and future.Secondary stems consist of a root + suffixes that indicate transitivity, intransitivity, and causativity.Simple tenses are formed by the addition of personal endings to the two stems.Present stems can be simple or secondary.Verbs have two stems: present and past.Verbs agree with their subjects in person, number and gender. All modifiers agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.
Third person is represented by proximate and remote demonstrative pronouns (similar to ‘this’ and ‘yonder’)